Yintoni ingoma?
Ingoma zizandi ezenziwa ngabantu ngaxesha linye bekhupha amazwi afanayo ngokwendlela acwangciswe ngayo ngabo benza loo ngoma. Ingoma isenokwenziwa ngumntu omnye abe etshintsha-tshintsha ungenelelo lwamazwi ngokunga loo ngoma yenziwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwesinye. Ingoma iyombelwa okanye iyavunywa, ayiculwa. Ingoma ayisililo iculo. Njengokuba ingoma ivunywa nje, iculo lona liyaculwa. Nalo iculo liculwa ngezandi ezahlukeneyo ngabantu abangaphezu kwesinye becula ngaxesha linye. Kwakhona nalo iculo linako ukuculwa ngumntu omnye etshintsha-tshintsha amazwi emana engena kwiindima zabanye abaculi belo culo.
Iculo lifike nabamHlophe kwaNtu. Nakubeni iculo nalo likwaphuhlisa izandi ezenziwa ngabantu ngokocwangciso lalo, lahlukile engomeni kuba lona liqala ngokubhalwa nokuculwa kwee ‘notes’, okanye ubhalo lomculo abathi yi ‘notation’ xa beyikhumsha. Olo bhalo luba noonobumba ekuzilolongwa ngabo ngabaculi ukuqiniseka ukuba iculo elo liculwa ngale ndlela umqambi walo afuna liculwe ngayo. Abo nobumba ngoo do, re, mi, va (fa), so. la, thi, dh, ababhalwa ngolu hlobo d, r, m, f, s, l, t, d. Kanti ke kukwasetyenziswa noluhlu loonobumba abalandelelanayo (alphabet) abasixhenxe bokuqala, a, b, c, d, e, f no g. Abo banomdla wokucula elo culo, okanye abatyunjiweyo njengabaculi, bazilolonga ngokucula ezo ‘notes’ ezibhalwe kwelo xwebhu liqulathe aba nobumba kunye namazwi athethwa lelo culo. Kudingeka baziwe ngentloko aba nobumba ngaphambi kokuba kuqhelaniswe namazwi. Nawo azakuthatha elawo ixesha ukufakwa engqondweni. Ayinjalo ke yona ingoma. Akukho nesidingo sokuyibhala phantsi kwaye umqambi uvele azilolonge kuloo mazwi awacingayo, awaphindaphinde de awazi ngentloko. Kodwa ke kule mihla akukho nto yalayo ukuba ayingebhalwa phantsi. Nokuba iyabhalwa akubikho zi ‘notes’, iba ngaloo mazwi afunwa ngumqambi. Ingoma yona ayiqalwa ngee ‘notes’. Ayinazo ii’notes’. Emva kokuba umqambi ewabambile engxondweni amazwi aloo ngoma ukulungele ukuyabela abanye ukuze ivunywe ngabo bantu umqambi ayabela bona.
Iimpawu zeengoma zesiXhosa
Ingoma iyaqanjwa. Oko kukuthi mntu uthile uvele acinge amazwi engoma emayivunywe. Oko kukuyiqamba ingoma. Umntu lowo uyiqambileyo kuthiwa ngumqambi. Xa umntu eyiqamba ingoma akukho sidingo sokuba ayibhale ephepheni. Uyayijikajika apha engqondweni yakhe eyiphindaphinda de abe uwabambile amazwi aloo ngoma. Ngeli xesha ayiqambayo kufuneka abe nomfanekiso ngqondweni wabantu abazakuthatha inxaxheba ekuyivumeni. Isizathu soko kukuba ingoma iba namazwi awahlukileyo. Kukho amazwi atswinayo nangqokolayo, njalo njalo. Kwakhona kufuneka acinge ukuba kule ngoma yakhe abalandeli bazakungenelela xa ikwesiphi isigaba ingoma. Umzekelo: Xa iyingoma enombuzo, umhlabeli kufuneka ade awugqibe umbuzo, bandule ukulandela ngendawo yabo abalandeli.
Ingoma evunywa ngumqambi
Masijonge le ngoma: Abafazi bale lali
Umhlabeli: He bafazindin’ bale lali, he bafazindin’ bale lali,
Olu lwimi lungaka nanil’va ngabani na?
Kufuneka umhlabeli awugqibe umbuzo ngaphambi kokuba abalandeli bangenelele ngelithi:
Abalandeli: Sasil’va kwangawe
Loo nto itheth’ ukuba umqambi kufuneka eyazi esayiqamba ukuba izakuhamba njani ingoma yakhe. Xa sele eyiqambile loo ngoma yakhe waze waqiniseka ngamazwi ayo, kufuneka ayabele nabanye abantu abazakuyivuma kunye naye. Uzakuqalisa ukuyivuma. Okanye uyayihlabela ze amane ukungenisa abanye ngokwendawo zabo apha engomeni. Bayaziqhelanisa namazwi engoma, beyivuma, de babe bayivuma ngaphandle kwamagingxigingxi. Neculo linalo umqambi. Umahluko ngowokuba umqambi womculo kumele abe uwufundele umculo, nokuba uwufundele kwesiphi na isigaba. Akanakuvele aqubule iphepha abhale iculo. Phofu akangeze akwazi kwa ukuqala ukubhala nezo notes. Xa yena eqamba umana ejikajika iinotes zeculo ephepheni de zibe yile nto ayifunayo. Ukuhlabela kukuqalisa okanye ukuqala ukuvuma ingoma. Xa sele eyihlabele abo banaye bazakulandela ngawabo amazwi bephinda lawa womhlabeli okanye bemphendula kuloo mbuzo ebewubuza engomeni.Umzekelo:
Umhlabeli: He bafazindin’ bale lali x 2. Olu lwimi lungaka nanil’va ngabani na?
Abalandeli: Sasil’va kwangawe.
Apha umhlabeli ubuza umbuzo, ze abalandeli bamphendule. Ingoma iyaphinda-phindwa okanye iphinda-phinda amazwi amanye ixesha elide, kuxhomekeka kumhlabeli ukuba uyiphindaphinda kangaphi na. Emva kwethuba elithile uzakuwajika amazwi avume amanye. Oko kujika amazwi kuthiwa kukuyibuya ingoma. Nabalandeli ke bazakujika awabo amazwi bephendula kuloo mbuzo mtsha uvelayo okanye belandela loo mazwi matsha enziwayo. Xa silandela kwalo mzekelo ungentla, nanku umhlabeli eyibuya ingoma esithi:
Umhlabeli: Ndandis’tsho ndis’thini na?
Abalandeli: Wawusith’ uyancokola.
Nalapha ekuyibuyeni umhlabeli uzakuyivuma eyiphinda-phinda kangangoko ihlombe lakhe livuma. Emva kwethuba uzakuphinda ayibuye, ebuyela kwakulaa mazwi okuqala de abe uyayimisa ingoma leyo. Ukumisa ingoma akuxhomekekanga kumhlabeli kuphela, kodwa kwangokunjalo ayimiswa nokuba ngubani na. Kwindibano nganye yeqela ubakho umphathi othi xa kukho into evelayo efuna inzwi yabantu belo qela, ayimise ingoma. Kube ke kufuneke kuyekiwe ukuvunywa kwayo, kwaye kungavunywa enye de iqosheliswe loo nyewe ibimiselwa yona le ibivunywa.
Zininzi iintlobo zengoma. Ayizongoma ezibuza imibuzo ze kuphendulwe kuphela. Ezinye zichaza imeko yasekuhlaleni okanye imeko echaphazela intlalo. Umzekelo:
Umhlabeli: Nank’ unomev’ iyoo, nank’ unomev’ ekhaya.
Abalandeli: Iyoo! Nank’ umev’ iyoo!
Iyaphinda-phindwa ke le ngoma de umhlabeli ayibuye athi:
Umhlabeli: Andilelang’ iyoo!
Abalandeli: Iyoo, andilelang’ izolo.
Izakuphinda-phindwa ke, kuphindwe kubuyelwe kulaa mazwi okuqala kulandelwe ngokuyimisa. Le ngoma yeyamakhwenkwe namantombazana xa kuguyelwa inkwenkwe ezakoluka. Ikhatshwa kukuqhwatywa kwezandla ngamantombazana nesingqi sokuteya kwamakhwenkwe. Ngeli xesha kuvunywayo amakhwenkwe ateyayo ajikeleza iziko. Kukhe kumiwe kunqunyanywe nokuvuma kube kusitsho isandi sokuqhwatywa kwezandla nokungqisha kokuteywa. Kuphinda kuvunywe kubuye kujikelezwe iziko ide imiswe ingoma. Phofu ke kukhe kuteyelwe nasenkundleni. Endaweni yokujikeleza iziko kwenziwa isangqa, ze kwenzeke njengokuba kusenziwa xa kuguyelwa endlwini. Umqambi nomhlabeli wengoma bathunukwa luvakalelo abanalo ngenxa yezinto ezenzeka ekuhlaleni, nokuba zimbi, nokuba zintle. Umhlabeli akunyanzelekanga ukuba ibenguye okwangumqambi wengoma. Zikhona iingoma ezaqanjwa kwamandulo zibe zisavunywa nakule mihla. Ezinye iingoma ziviwe zivunywa kwezinye iindawo, mhlawumbi kwiilali ezikufutshane. Umhlabeli uvele adanduluke atsho loo ngoma ifike engqondweni kuye evunjululwa lifuthe lemeko akuyo. Ukuphela kwaloo ngoma kusenokuhlabela omnye umhlabeli. Akukho mbhexeshi wakwayala engomeni.
Ingoma evunywa ngesingqi
Olunye uphawu lweengoma kukuba xa zivunywa zihamba nesingqi esenziwa ngabo bavumayo. Isandi esixhaphakileyo kukuqhwatywa kwezandla kunye nesingqi sokungqisha ngeenyawo. Oko kuqhwatywa kwezandla nokungqisha kuvunywa yile nto kuthiwa kukombela. Umzekelo ngulo kanomeva siwenze ngentl’ apha. Nengoma inazo zonke iintlobo zezandi zamazwi ezenziwa xa kuvunywa. Likhona ilizwi elitswinayo, ekuthiwa yi soprano, kanti ke kukho nee-alto, itenala kunye nelizwi elingqokolayo. Olokugqibela uphawu lolokuba ithuba lokuyilungisa ingoma livulelekile. Okanye sithi ingoma inako ukulungiswa ivunywe ngolunye uhlobo okanye kufakelwe amazwi angamanye. Eculweni unqabile umhlabeli, ngaphandle kokuba umqambi uyibhale ukuze kubekho umculi ozakuliqala elo culo. Uninzi lwamaculo luqalwa ngabaculi abaninzi ngaxeshanye. Ukuze babe bayaqala kudingeka ukuba umbhexeshi wekwayala enze umqondiso wokuba liqalwe iculo. Kanti naxa liyekwa wenza umqondiso wokuphela kwalo.
Imisebenzi yeengoma zesiXhosa
Iingoma zinemisebenzi eziyenzayo. Ziyonwabisa xa kukho iziyunguma ezikhoyo ekuhlaleni apho kudityanelwe khona ngabantu abangamaqela ngamaqela ngokwezigaba zokukhula kwabo, kwanokulindeleka ukuba babekho ukuzimasa loo mcimbi xa bemenyiwe. Oko konwabisa kukwanceda ekwakheni ubume bengqondo obuhle nobusempilweni. Ziyathuthuzela xa ngaba kukho ukuxakaniseka kwabo bakwimeko yokukhathazeka. Ziyakhuthaza kwimeko yonxunguphalo. Maxa wambi ke iingoma zidlulisa nezikhalazo zabahlali kwabo baphetheyo. Ngelinye ixesha iingoma zihewula ukuziphatha kakubi kwabahlali. Kanti ke maxa wambi ziyakwazi ukucela umngeni womlo. Mhlawumbi bani uthile unento ngakomnye okwakho kwakuloo ndibano, uvele uve lo ucela umngeni sel’ edanduluka ehlabela esithi:
Umhlabeli: Ndithanda ndingakunyathela.
Abalandeli: Ndingakunyathela.
Umhlabeli: Ndithanda!
Abalandeli: Ndingakunyathela.
Ngeliny’ ixesha ingoma ichaza ingxaki okanye imeko yokungonwabi komhlabeli, okanye evakalisa imeko yonxunguphalo athe wayibona. Njengala ngoma kanomeva, umhlabeli uvakalisa imeko engamonwabisanga nemvisa intliziyo ebuhlungu kangangokuba kubenzima nokulala. Kaloku ulwamvila lukanomveva lodlula nolwenyosi ngobuhlungu. Ngamanye amaxesha, okanye amaxesha amaninzi, iintsingiselo zeengoma ziyafihlakala, zidinge ubani ukuba abaz’ iindlebe azikise nengqondo ukuze akwazi ukunika intsingiselo yamazwi engoma evunywayo.
Izinto ekuvunywa ngazo iingoma
Ingoma ingabandakanya nantoni na ecingwe ngumqambi. Kuyavunywa ngabantu nezinto ezenziwa ngabantu ezibonakalayo kwakunye nezifihlakeleyo, umzekelo umona, ikratshi, uthando, njalo njalo. Kuyavunywa nangezilwanyana, ngezinambuzane, ngeentaka, kwakunye nangantoni na eyindalo. Kanti ke kukwavunywa nangezinto ezenziwe ngabantu, umzekelo ibhaysikile, imoto, ibhaloni (earoplane), njalo njalo.
Iintlobo zeengoma zesiXhosa
Zininzi iintlobo zeengoma zesiXhosa. Imizekelo:
IIngoma ezongonqulo
Ezingonqulo zezo zivunywa xa kukho umcimbi ohambelana nemibhedesho eyenzelwa izinyanya. Xa kuqhutywa umcimbi wokungxengxeza kwizinyanya, mhlawumbi ngenxa yeshwangusha elithe lehlela umzi, kuvunywa iingoma zokungxengxeza nokucela uxolo. Ezi ngoma zindilisekile, kwaye zidla ngokukhokelwa ngabantu abadala abangamadoda ekhaya. Naxa kugxothwa ishwangusha phakathi kwekhaya kukwavunywa ezi ngoma zindilisekileyo. Apha kucelwa ukukhuselwa zizinyanya kuloo mimoya ingendawo ephazamisa elo khaya. Kwalapha kwiingoma zonqulo kukho nezamagqirha azivuma xa ekhangela umhlola naxa eqhuba isikolo sobugqirha. Iingoma zamagqirha ziyaqupha, maxa wambi zihamba nokuqhwatywa kwezandla kwakunye nokuxhentsa. Kukho inkolo yokuba ukuqupha kwezi ngoma kubangela ubushushu obunceda ekuqhakamshelaneni nezinyanya, izihlwele ngabula bona. Amagqirha aziwa ngokuba ngabantwana bokugula, kangangokuba kwiingoma zabo kukho evunywa kusithiwa:
Umhlabeli: Abantwana bokugula.
Abalandeli: Balala ngengub’ ebhokhwe
Umhlabeli: Abantwana bokugula.
Abalandeli: Balala ngengub’ ebhokhwe.
Iyakuphindwa phindwa ke le ngoma de imiswe. Iingoma zamagqirha zikwancediswa nangokubetha igubu elenziwe ngofele lwenkomo elibotshwe emgqomeni wenkcenkce kumacala omabini okuvuleka komgqomo. Elo gubu libethwa ngeentongana ezimfutshane.
IIngoma ezingoloyiso
Ezingoloyiso zona zivunywa xa kuphunyelelwe kuloo nto ibisenziwa likhaya okanye eso sizwe. Ingoma exhaphakileyo yoloyisi nguSomagwaza. Ubukhulu becala ivunywa xa kubuywa nekrwala esithuthwini kuba zifezekisiwe iinjongo zokusiwa kwalo endle nokuba loyise yonke imiceli mngeni belijongene nayo ngela lixa belingumkhwetha.
Ingoma ezenkuthazo
Ezenkuthazo zona zivunywa xa kusiyiwa edabini. Amadabi ayehluka ke kuba mfamlibe bekukade kusiliwa zizizwe ezahlukeneyo, maxa wambi isuke ibe ziilali ezahlukeneyo kodwa isisizwe esinye, kanti ke amadabi ebekwazi ukuba phakathi kwamakhwenkwe eelali ezimeleneyo. Apha uyakuva amakhwenkwe evuma esithi:
Umhlabeli: Qula kwedini, qula kwedini kabawo.
Abalandeli: Zenize nayo kwedini, nayo kwedini kabawo.
Ngelo xesha kufunzwe edabini, sekukho izinto eziqule zaligangatha, nezimana zixhuma-xhuma zibetha amaqulo azo ngeentonga zazo zokugalela. Naxa bekusetyenzwa emasimini phaya, kuvunwa, kubhulwa iimbotyi neengqolowa, okanye nawuphi na umsebenzi apho kukho ilima, abasebenzi bebevuma iingoma ukuze ubunzima bomsebenzi bungavakali. Iingoma zolonwabo ziyahluka indlela ezivunywa ngazo ngokokwahluka kwezigaba zabantu. Ezamakhwenkwe namantombazana ziyaqupha kwaye zihamba nokungqisha nokuqhwatywa okukhawulezayo nokusebenzisa amandla. Bayaxhentsa, bagqutsube, batshotshe. Xa kuxhentsa amakhwenkwe ibangamantomazana avumayo, naxa ingamantombazana axhentsayo iba ngamakhwenkwe avumayo. Ezabafana neentombi ziyacotha kunezi zamakhwenkwe namantombazana. Bayekile ukugqutsuba, isingqi senziwa ngesithozela. Olu hlobo lweengoma abafana bazifundiswa entlombeni okanye embhororhweni xa babuya esuthwini. Kanti ke zibakhona nezabafaza, mhlawumbi kunye noodadobawo, ezivunywa konwatyiwe xa kukho umcimbi wombhiyozo. Yiva xa ikrwala lifika ekhaya livela esuthwini xa bevuma besithi:
Umhlabeli : Umfan’ ubuyile.
Abalandeli : Uvel’ eDurban.
Iyakuphindwa phindwa ke le ngomva kubethwa ingongo kutyityinjwa, kuyiyizelwa konwatyiwe. Ezabantu abadala zivunywa ngoomama nootata, kuxhomekeka ukuba ngumcimbi othini na ovunyelwayo. Ukuba ngumcimbi osingathwa ngootata, bazakuvunyelwa ngoomama, ukuba usingathwa ngoomama kuzakuvuma ootata. Umzekelo: ukuba ngumcimbi wonqulo lwezinyanya, loo mcimbi ukhokelwa ngootata ze iimvumi ibe ngoomama, nakubeni nabo ootata bengqokola belandela loo ngoma yoomama. Ukuba kukuphuma kwentombi ejakeni, lowo ngumcimbi woomama babe bevunyelwa ngootata. Phofu ootata indima yabo kukulandela loo nto izakube ihlatyelwe ngoomama. Isingqi sokuxhentsa nokungqungqa kwabantu abadala akuquphi, ngokufanayo ke nokuba kwa ingoma leyo ayibaleki, kwanokuqhwatywa kwezandla kuthe chu.
Izixhobo ezikhapha iingoma zesiXhosa:
Iingoma zesiXhosa azivunywa ngamazwi omlomo nangokungqisha kuphela. Kukho izixhobo ezisetyeziswayo ukunonga ubuncwane beengoma ezo. Sezikhankanyiwe izandla nokungqisha. Ubukhulu becala izandla zigcina isantya sengoma kunye nesantya sesingqi esikhapha ingoma.
Umlomo
Umlomo nawo uyasetyenziswa ukwakha izandi ezahlukeneyo zamazwi, umzekelo, ukumbombozela, le nto bathi yivay-vayi kule mihla, ukuvukutha, ukwenza isandi selizwi ulinganisa isandi sevukuthu. Esinye isandi somlomo kukungqokola okusetyenziswa ngabafana abavuma ngelizwi elindongondongo, kodwa balikhuphe becinezele umphimbo ukuze lingaphumi khululekileyo. Esinye isandi somlomo singathi kuku-mhmzela (humming).
Amagubu neengqongqo
Amagubu neengqongqo zezinye zezixhobo. Kukho neempempe, nalapha kwiimpempe kubekho nezi kuthiwa yimikhombe apho kudityaniswa iimpempe ezimbini ezizakuthi xa zikhaliswa zikhuphe izandi ezahlukileyo ngaxesha nye. Kukho amagaxa abotshelelwa entungweni, okanye emlenzeni, enziwe ngeentlobo ezahlukileyo zezixhobo ezenza ingxolo ekhahlazelayo xa umntu exhentsa okanye engqisha. Imiguza yimikhwahlazo ebotshelelwa esinqeni, zikho nezibhijelwa esihlahleni, zibekho nasemaqatheni ekuthiwa ngamahahlazo, amanqashela okanye amalohlwane, ngokwahluka kweendawo ngendlela ezibizwa ngazo.
Zikhona ke nezixhobo ezikhaliswayo zezenze izandi. Ezo ke yimirhubhe, izigodlo, iinkinge, amahadi. Nakubeni iingoma zesiXhosa zithande ukungenelelwa ngumculo ohamba neziginci, ngakumbi umculo oshicilelweyo, xa amaXhosa edibene esenza imicimbi yawo awaziva ngokuvuma iingoma zesizwe sawo. Nkqu naba bafunde bayityekeza, okanye bakhulele kwiinkcubeko zezinye izizwe, bathi bakuhlangana neengoma zakubo bavukelwe lihlombe abangalaziyo nabo ukuba luvuswe yini na. Nazo iingoma zesiXhosa sezishicilelwa kule mihla. Nezixhobo ezikhapha ezo ngoma seyizezenkcubeko yala maxesha siphila kuwo. Ezo zixhobo ziquka iikitari, iikostina, iifleyti, izitolotolo, njalo njalo. Nakubeni kunjalo isingqi sengoma sona asidli ngakuchaphazeleka, iba sesaa singqi sayo sancakasana.